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Electronic commerce (electronic commerce) is the business of purchasing electronically or acquiring goods through internet services or through the internet. E-commerce relies on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic information interchange (edi), inventory control systems, and automatic information collection systems. E-commerce is naturally driven by technological advances in semiconductor manufacturing and is considered the most established sector of the electronics industry.

Definition of e-commerce

This term was created and first used by dr. Robert jacobson , principal counsel to the california state assembly committee on utilities and commerce, from the title and text of the california virtual commerce act, adopted by the late committee chair gwen moore (d-fla.). And introduced into reality in 1984.

E-commerce typically uses the internet for at least those involved in the gaming community of the transaction life cycle, although other technologies such as e-mail are able to connect. Typical virtual commerce transactions involve purchasing products (such as books on amazon) or services (such as downloading singles as digital distribution, such as the itunes store).[1] there are three areas of e-commerce: online shopping, electronic marketplaces and virtual auctions. E-commerce is supported by e-business.[2] the value of the existence of virtual commerce is to allow consumers to shop directly and pay online on the internet, saving the date and space of customers and companies, greatly increasing the efficiency of transactions, especially for busy office workers, and saving a lot of precious time. .[3]

E-commerce companies may, among other things, use some or all of the following:

Online shopping for retail direct to consumers via websites and mobile software and conversational commerce via chat, chatbots, and voice assistants;[4] – providing or engaging in online marketplaces that process third-party business-to-consumer (b2c) or consumer-to-consumer ( c2c) sales;buying and selling b2b;[5]- collecting and acquiring demographic data through web contacts and social networks;- electronic data interchange b2b; - marketing to potential and regular visitors by e-mail or fax (for example, during the application of newsletters); - presence in the presale for the launch of new products. Ts and services;– online financial exchanges for currency exchange or trading purposes.There are five main categories of e-commerce:[6]

– Business to business- business-to-consumer- business-state- consumer-to-business- consumer-to-consumerforms

Modern e-commerce can be classified to two categories. The first category is a business based on the types of goods sold (contains everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption to ordering conventional products and services and a "meta" tax service to facilitate other types of virtual commerce). The second category is based on the nature of the participant (b2b, b2c, c2b and c2c).[7]

At the institutional level, large companies then banks use the internet to exchange financial information to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and privacy are different issues for virtual commerce.

In addition to traditional virtual commerce, the terms m-commerce (mobile commerce), and (sometime in 2013) t-commerce[8 ] also applies.

Government regulation

In the united states, the california electronic commerce act (1984) enacted by the legislative assembly and other later the california privacy rights act (2020), enacted through a popular election proposal, specifically governs e-commerce practices in metropolitan areas. In general: in the united states of america, e-commerce activities are regulated in the broadest possible sense by the federal trade commission (ftc). These manipulations include the use of commercial email, online advertising, and consumer privacy. The can-spam law of 2003 sets national standards for direct email marketing. The federal trade commission act governs all forms of advertising, including internet advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and not yet misleading.[9] using its powers under section 5 of the federal trade commission act, which prohibits unfair or misleading practices, the ftc has initiated a number of cases to enforce promises contained in corporate privacy statements, including promises of its own security. Disclosed consumer data.[10] as a result, any corporate privacy policy involving e-commerce may be subject to review by an outside ftc. . , Amends the controlled substances act with regard to online pharmacies.[11]

The conflict of laws in cyberspace is recognized as a significant obstacle to the harmonization of the legal framework for virtual commerce in the world. In order to ensure the uniformity of electronic commerce legislation throughout the world, many countries have adopted the uncitral model law on electronic commerce (1996).[12]

There is an international protection company in the international market consumer rights and the law enforcement network (icpen), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of public client fair trade companies. The goal was stated as finding ways of cooperation in solving consumer difficulties caused by cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and promoting the exchange of information from one participant to another for mutual benefit and understanding. From here came ecoconsumer.Gov, an icpen initiative since april 2001. Is a site for reporting complaints about online transactions and related manipulations with foreign companies.

There is also the asia-pacific economic cooperation. Apec was established in 1989 to achieve stability, security, and prosperity in the country through free and open trade and investment. Apec has an e-commerce steering group and is also working on common privacy practices across the entire apec region.

In australia, trading is governed by the australian treasury guidelines for e-commerce and the australian competition and enforcement commission consumers. [13] regulates and gives advice on how to run an online business,[14] and gives specific advice on what happens if the glass gets scratched, or it could go completely wrong.[15]

The european union conducted an extensive investigation. Into e-commerce in 2015-2016, when there was a significant increase in e-commerce promotion, together with some developments that raised concerns, such as the increased use of selective distribution systems, which allow manufacturers to control routes to the market, and the widest possible application of contractual restrictions for better access to product distribution." The european commission thinks that many emerging practices are justified if workers improve the quality of product distribution, although others may unduly prevent consumers from benefiting from a wider choice of goods and lower prices in e-commerce and naturally require action by the commission" to promote compliance with the rules. Eu competition.[16]

In the united kingdom, the banking services authority (fsa)[17] was previously the regulator for many aspects of the eu payment services directive (psd), until it was amended in 2013 year by the office of prudential regulation and the office of financial conduct.[18] the uk has implemented psd through the payment services regulations 2009 (psr), which went into effect on 1 november 2009. Psd affects payment service companies and their customers. Such firms include banks, non-bank card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, virtual money issuers, etc. Psr have created an innovative class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (pi) where prudential requirements apply. Article 87 psd requires the european commission to report on the implementation and impact of psd by november 1, 2012[19] @>
In china, the telecommunication regulations of the people's republic of china (promulgated on september 25, 2000) established the ministry of factories and information technology (miit) as the government agency regulating all activities related to telecommunications, including e-commerce.[20] at the same time, the administrative measures in the sense of internet information services, the first administrative provisions concerning profit-making activities carried out on the internet, and laid the foundation for future rules governing electronic commerce in the middle kingdom.[21] august 28, 2004the eleventh session of the tenth npc standing committee passed the electronic signature law, which regulates data transmission, electronic signature authentication and legal liability issues. It is considered the first law in china's e-commerce law. The above has become a milestone in the progress of china's e-commerce legislation, and marked china's entry into the stage of rapid development of e-commerce legislation.[22]

Global trends

In 2010, the united kingdom had the world's highest e-sales spending per capita[23]. As of 2013, the czech republic was the european country where e-commerce contributes the most to overall business revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the country's total turnover is through the online channel.[24]

Among emerging economies, china's e-commerce presence has continued to expand in recent years. With 668 million internet users, china's online ordering sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, which could account for 10% of china's total retail during this period.[25] chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel their identity - most comfortable with online checkout.[26] e-commerce transactions between china and other countries increased by 32% to 2-3 trillion yuan (375.8 billion greenbacks in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of china's total international trade.[27] in 2013, alibaba's share in china's e-commerce market accounted for 80%.[28] china had 600 million online users in 2014 (twice the size of the united states of america), making it the largest online market in the world.[29] china is also the largest the world's virtual commerce market by sales volume, with sales estimated at us$899 billion this year.[30] research shows that chinese consumers' motivations are quite different from those of western audiences, so they need a unique design of online commerce add-ons, but not stupidly porting western applications to the chinese market.[31]

Recent studies show that e-commerce, commonly referred to as e-commerce, is currently moment determines the way people buy goods. The gcc countries have a booming market, and are characterized by the saying that the population is getting richer (yuldashev). Thus, retailers have launched sites in arabic to target this population group. And also, the growth of mobile purchases and the development of the internet audience are predicted (yuldashev). With the growth and development of these two aspects, the gulf countries will one day be bigger players in the e-commerce market. Specifically, studies show that the e-commerce market in the asian gulf states is expected to grow to more than $20 billion by 2020 (yuldashev). The internet commerce market has also gained a lot of demand in western countries, for example, in european countries and states. Such countries are characterized by consumer goods (cpg) (geisler, 34). However, trends show that there are signs of the opposite in the future. As in the gulf countries, the range of purchases of goods and services through online channels has increased, but not from offline channels. Activist investors are struggling to consolidate and reduce their overall value, and western governments continue to impose stricter regulations on cpg producers (geisler, 36). In this regard, cpg investors are forced to adapt to e-commerce, as it is effective and also becomes a means for them to prosper.

In 2013, brazil's e-commerce grew rapidly. By 2014, virtual retail sales are expected to grow at a double-digit pace. To date, emarketer expects virtual retail sales in brazil to reach $17.3 billion.[32] as of december 2017, india's world wide web user base is no more than 460 million.[33] despite being the third largest user base in the world, internet penetration is low compared to markets like the us, uk or france, but it is growing much more vigorously, adding up to six million new members every month. Need in india, cash on delivery is considered the most preferred payment method accounting for 75% of e-retail transactions. .[35]

Future trends in the gulf countries will be the same as in foreign countries. Despite the forces pushing businesses to adopt e-commerce as a means of selling products and services, the way customers make purchases across the two regions is similar.For example, the use of smartphones has increased, with regard to the increase in the overall internet audience from the regions. Yuldashev writes that customers are looking for the most advanced technologies to help use mobile marketing. However, the percentage of mobile and internet users who make online purchases in the first few years is expected to change. It depends on people's willingness to accept this new trend (statistics portal). For example, in the uae, the highest level of smartphone penetration is 73.8%, and 91.9% of the population has internet and video communication. On the other hand, the smartphone penetration rate in europe is 64.7% (statistics portal). Regardless of this factor, the percentage difference between these regions is expected to even out over time as e-commerce technology is expected to grow to provide more customers for your product.

Virtual trading business in these two regions guarantees competition. Accredited agents at the country level will strengthen their measures and training for your resilience and protection of the rights of buyers (krings and the like.). These enhanced measures will raise environmental and government standards in countries, factors that will determine the success of the e-commerce market in these countries. For example, the adoption of hard sanctions will make it difficult for organizations to enter the online commerce market, while soft sanctions will make it easier for companies. So, future trends between the gcc states and western countries will not remain dependent on such sanctions (krings et al..). These countries need to draw rational conclusions when developing effective sanctions.

The growth rate of the number of internet users in the arab countries was high - 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the virtual trading market in the middle east is made up of people in the 30-34 age group. Egypt has the highest online presence in the country, followed by saudi arabia and morocco; they make up three to four parts of the region. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35% in egypt and 65% in saudi arabia.[36]

E-commerce has become the main tool for private and successful businesses around the world, not only to sell to customers and to attract them.[37][38]

Cross-border e-commerce also remains an important field for network commerce firms. He responded to the trend of globalization. The tablet shows that many firms have opened new businesses, expanded new markets, and overcome trade barriers; more and more and more enterprises are starting to explore the scope of cross-border cooperation. In addition, compared to traditional cross-border trading, cross-border e-commerce is more hidden. In times of globalization, cross-border e-commerce for intercompanies means the activity, interaction or social relationship of two or more network commerce enterprises. However, the success of cross-border e-commerce promotes the development of small and medium-sized corporations, and it has finally become a new way of transactions. This has helped companies solve financial problems and implement a reasonable allocation of resources. Smes (small and medium enterprises) can sometimes match exactly the supply and demand of the market, having a larger part of the production chain and generating more income for corporations. Sales exceeded $1 trillion for the first time in history.[40]

Mobile devices play an increasingly important role in virtual commerce, it is also commonly called mobile commerce or m-commerce. In 2014, cross-device purchases accounted for 25% of the market by 2017, according to one estimate.[41]

One study found that for traditional businesses, information technology and cross-border e-commerce is recognized as an excellent opportunity for effective occasion and growth of enterprises. Some companies have invested heavily in mobile applications. Delon and mclean's model contains evidence that three points of view contribute to successful e-business: the quality of a particular system, the quality of service, and customer satisfaction.[42] there are no time and space restrictions, there is more opportunity to connect with customers all over the universe, and reduce unnecessary intermediate links, reducing the cost accordingly, and you can benefit from processing the data of the most popular customers one-on-one to achieve a high degree of personal strategic adjustment plan, to fully enhance the core competitiveness of the constituents, jointly. Some marketers and advertisers in social media news as the preferred way to promote consumer badges, but not static photos, but other brands, including sony, are already paving the way for augmented reality businesses. Wayfair now allows you to view a 3d version of your furniture at home before checkout and payment.[44]

Logistics in e-commerce is almost always primarily associated with the execution of orders. Online marketplaces and retailers should highlight a great option for doing work and delivering goods. Small firms usually control their own logistics operations, because they do not have the opportunity to hire an outside company. Most large corporations hire a fulfillment service that takes care of the logistics needs of the company.[45]

Influence

Influence on markets and piece trade

The e-commerce markets are growing at a remarkable pace. The like-market is expected to grow by 56% in 2015-2020. In 2017, the global e-commerce retail volume was us$2-3 trillion, and e-commerce retail revenue is estimated to rise to us$4.891 trillion in 2021.[46] currently on sale in traditional markets, growth is expected to be only 2% over the same time. Traditional retailers are struggling with the ability of online marketplaces to offer better value, and greater efficiency. Many large retailers can inspire offline and virtual presence by linking physical and online offerings.[47]

E-commerce enables shoppers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products at any time and anywhere. In any place. Remote and traditional markets have different business strategies. Traditional retailers offer a smaller range of shipments due to shelf space, where online retailers don't store inventory at all, but send customer requests directly to the manufacturer. Pricing strategies also differ between brick and mortar stores. Traditional retailers base their pricing on hypermarket traffic and inventory maintenance costs. Online marketplaces set prices based on delivery speed.

Marketers have 2 ways to do business through e-commerce: completely online or online along with a brick and mortar store. Internet marketers are able to offer a more professional, larger product selection and impeccable performance parameters. Many users prefer virtual markets if goods can be delivered quickly at a low cost. However, online stores cannot provide the physical experience that traditional retailers can offer. It can be difficult to talk about the quality of the video without physical professionalism, which can lead to activities that buyers have doubts about the product or the seller. Another problem that carries with it the online market is related to the security of online transactions. This problem often keeps shoppers loyal to well-known retailers.[48]

Security is a major concern in e-commerce in developed and developing countries. Internet commerce security protects industry and consumer websites from strangers, use, alteration or destruction. Threat types include: malware, unwanted programs (adware and spyware), phishing, hacking, and cyber vandalism. E-commerce websites use different devices as a security threat prevention. These tools include firewalls, encryption software, digital certificates, and passwords. Were concerned about the gap between the benefits that supply chain technology brings and the solutions that deliver those benefits. However, the advent of e-commerce has provided a more practical and optimal way to take advantage of new supply chain technologies.[49]

E-commerce is able to integrate all the parameters of the conditions from the internal firm, which means that e-commerce can also affect 3 flows (physical flow, some financial relations and information flow) of the supply chain. The impact on physical flows has improved the way a group of goods moves and the level of inventory for corporations. For information flows, e-commerce has optimized information processing capabilities than before, and for cash flows, e-commerce allows companies to have the most efficient payment and settlement solutions.[49]

In addition, e-commerce provides a more complex impact on supply chains: first, the performance gap will be closed as organizations can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains through electronic equipment solutions; in addition, as a result of the advent of virtual commerce, new capabilities, including the introduction of erp systems such as sap erp, xero or megaventory, have helped companies manage transactions with customers and suppliers. However, these innovations are not yet fully exploited.Third, technology firms will continue to invest in new software ideas for e-commerce as they expect a return on investment. And finally, e-commerce will certainly help to clarify many aspects of problems that companies find it difficult to deal with simply, political barriers or cross-country changes. Finally, e-commerce provides companies with a more efficient and effective way of collaborating among themselves in the supply chain.[49]

Impact on employment

E-commerce helps shape new vacancies through information services, software applications and digital products. It can also lead to job loss. The industry with the highest projected job loss is modern commerce, email, and travel agencies. The development of virtual trade will create jobs that require highly skilled professionals to manage large volumes of information, customer requirements and production processes. On the contrary, customers with poor technical skills cannot benefit from salary welfare. On the other hand, because online commerce requires convincing stocks that would be realistic to deliver to customers on time, the warehouse becomes the main detail. The warehouse will need a lot more staff to manage, supervise and organize, which will leave management worried about the warehouse environment.[50]

Impact on customers

E -commerce provides comfort for customers, because the young ladies do not need to leave their homes, and you only want to browse the web portals online, especially to purchase the selected product, which is not sold in nearby stores. This helps customers to buy a wider selection of furnishings and save you time. Consumers also gain power through online shopping. They must research dishes and compare offerings among retailers. Thanks to the practice of user ratings and reviews from companies like bazaarvoice, trustpilot and yelp, customers are also able to see what loved ones think of a product and decide if they want to cash it out before purchasing. 52] in addition, online purchases often provide promo codes or discount codes, which makes them more beneficial for users. Moreover, e-commerce provides detailed information about goods; even shop professionals cannot give such a lengthy explanation. Visitors also get the chance to view and track the history of furniture online.

E-commerce technologies reduce transaction costs, allowing both manufacturers and consumers to bypass intermediaries. This is possible by expanding the sense of finding the best price events and group buying. The success of online commerce at the city and regional levels is determined by how local companies and consumers have adapted to online commerce.[53]

However, online commerce lacks human interaction with customers, especially all those who love face to face communication. Visitors are also concerned about the security of online transactions and, more often than not, remain loyal to well-known retailers. Now, clothing retailers like tommy hilfiger have begun adding virtual fit platforms to rendered e-commerce sites to reduce the chances of shoppers buying clothes in unwanted sizes, though they vary substantially in size. When a customer regrets buying a movie, this includes a refund, in most cases, the refund process. This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and ship the product. If the products are expensive, large or fragile, this is a safety concern.[47]

Environmental impact

In 2018, e-commerce was one-3 % million short tons (percent-two or three megatons) of containerboard in north america, better than 1.1 million (1.00)) in 2017. Only 35 percent of north american board production capacity is for recycled content. The recycling rate in the european union is 80 percent, while in asia it is 93 percent. Amazon, the largest user of boxes, has a strategy to reduce packaging material and has reduced the amount of packaging material used by 19 percent by weight since 2016. Amazon requires retailers to package their products in a way that does not require additional shipping. Package. Amazon also has an 85-member team that is researching ways to reduce and improve packaging and auto materials.[55]

Fast-travel packages around the world include the accelerated movement of sentient beings, with all that it entails. Consequences. Associated risks.[56] weeds, pests and diseases are sometimes carried along with the seeds.[56] some of these packages are e-commerce review manipulation segments. America's retailers in what is often referred to as the "retail apocalypse". Change your own sales strategy. Many companies are in sales promotion and have stepped up digital efforts to lure shoppers while closing brick-and-mortar stores.[58] this set-up has forced some traditional retailers to shut down their regular operations.[59]

E-commerce during covid-19

In march 2020, the resource's retail traffic reached 14.3 billion visits[60] which certifies the unprecedented growth of online commerce during lockdown 2020. Further studies show that e-commerce grew by 25% and online product purchases increased by more than % during the crisis in america. .[61] however, 29% of surveyed shoppers guarantee they will never come back to shop in person in europe again 43% of consumers indicate that they expect to continue shopping in their spirit even after lockdown is over.[62]

E-commerce retail sales show that covid-19 is having a significant impact on e-commerce, with sales projected to reach $6.5 trillion by 2023.[63]

Business application

Some common applications related to e-commerce:

B2b e-commerce (business-to-business)- e-commerce b2c commerce (business to consumer)conversational commerce: e-commerce via chatdigital walletsupply chain and logistics workflow automatione-ticketsenterprise content managementgroup buyinginstant messaginginternet securityonline auctiononline bankingonline office smart packagesonline shopping and order controlonline transaction processingpre-saleprint on demandshopping cart softwaresocial mediateleconferencing group usenetvirtual assistant- domestic and international payment systemst imeline

Chronology of e-commerce development:

- 1971 or 1972: arpanet is used to sell cannabis to students at stanford university. The ai lab and the massachusetts institute of technology, later described as "the founding act of internet commerce" in john markoff's book what the dormouse said. 65]- 1981: thomson holidays uk is the first established online shopping system for business (b2b).[66]- 1982: france télécom introduced minitel throughout the russian federation in france and was used for virtual orders. - 1983: the california state assembly holds its first hearing on "online commerce" in vulcan, california.[67] testimony is cpuc, mci mail, prodigy, compuserve, volcano telephone and pacific telesis. (Quantum technology, which later became aol, is inadmissible to testify.) The california virtual trade act was passed in 1984. - 1983: karen earl lyle (also known as karen bean) and kendall ross bean create a virtual commerce service in san francisco. Bay area. Piano buyers and sellers communicate through a database created by piano finders on a personal kaypro device using a dos interface. Pianos to implement are listed in the sitemap. Customers print out a list of pianos for sale on a dot matrix printer. Customer service was provided through the piano advice hotline listed in the san francisco chronicle ads, and money transferred by bank transfer at the completion of the sale. Shopping system[80% and mrs. Snowball, 72, became the first online home shopper[71]- 1984: in april 1984, compuserve launches an electronic mall in the states and canada. It is the first comprehensive e-commerce service.[72]- 1989: in may 1989, sequoia data corp. Introduced compumarket, the first online system for virtual trading. Merchants and customers could post product sales data, and customers could search the database and make purchases using their bank card.- 1990: tim berners-lee writes the first worldwideweb web browser, assisted by the smartphone next.[73]- 1992: book stacks unlimited in cleveland opens a commercial internet sales site (www.Books.Com, where books are available removed with credit card processing. ] App store, the electronic appwrapper[76]- 1994: netscape releases in october, the navigator browser, codenamed mozilla.Netscape 1.0, is introduced after the last months of 1994 with ssl encryption, which made transactions secure.- 1994: ipswitch imail server becomes the first software available on the internet for trading and immediate download through a partnership between ipswitch, inc. And openmarket.- 1994: sting's "ten summoner's tales" becomes the first secure online purchase through the netmarket. - 1995: thursday, april 27, 1995, the purchase of a book by paul stanfield, compuserve uk product consultant, from wh smith stores in the compuserve shopping center in europe, is the first secure transaction in the uk of the national online shopping service. At launch, wh smith, tesco, virgin megastores/our price, great universal stores (gus), interflora, dixons retail, past times, pc world (retail supplier and innovations.- 1995: amazon is launched by jeff bezos.- 1995: ebay is founded by programmer pierre omidyar as the auctionweb.It is the first online auction resource to support human-to-human transactions.1996: the use of excalibur bbs with repeating "storefronts" was an early implementation of virtual trading started sysops group in australia and replicated on global partner platforms.- 1998: e-mail brands can be purchased and uploaded before printing. "Open source".[80]- 1999: alibaba group organized in china business .Com was sold for us$7.5 million to ecompanies, it was bought for us$149,000 in 1997. Peer-to-peer file transfer application nap is launched ster. Atg stores begin selling home decor products online.-1999: global e-commerce can reach $150 billion[50]-2000: the user base of any e-commerce site collapses.[79] - 2001: alibaba.Com became profitable in december 2001.- 2002: ebay acquires paypal for $1.5 billion.[81] niche retail companies wayfair and netshops are founded with the concept of selling the product through furniture at affordable prices of target domains, rather than through the main resource. Store in heaven. A platform for b2b settlements has been created, which forces other b2b sites to abandon the yellow pages actress. : E-commerce and online retail in the united states is projected to reach $294 billion, up 12% from 2013 and accounting for 9% of all retail sales.[84] ali baba held the largest initial public offering in the history of its existence in the amount of $25 billion. - 2015: amazon accounts for more than half of all online commerce growth[85] selling nearly 500 million sku in the usa.- 2017: $2.304 trillion in online retail sales globally us that there are now 24.8% more on sale than the previous year.[86]- 2017: global e-commerce transactions generate $29.267 trillion, even 25.516 trillion greenbacks in business-to-business transactions (b2b ) and 3.851 trillion greenbacks in business-to-consumer (b2c) sales. , There were 2 billion digital payment transactions in 2020.[88][89]see see also

Comparison of e-commerce web frameworks with free software shopping cart comparisoncustomer analyticsdigital economycredit card payment system for e-commerce e-billinge-moneyover-the-counter retailpay as a servicesouth dakota v. Wayfair, inc.Types of e-commercee-commerce timelinelinks

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