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By James A. Lucas

24 April, 2007 Countercurrents.org

INTRODUCTION

After the catastrophic assaults of September eleven 2001 monumental sorrow and a feeling of desperate and understandable anger started to permeate wanted win online the American psyche. A number of people at the moment tried to advertise a balanced perspective by mentioning that the United States had also been accountable for inflicting those same emotions in people in other nations, but they produced hardly a ripple. Although Americans understand within the abstract the knowledge of individuals all over the world empathizing with the suffering of each other, such a reminder of wrongs dedicated by our nation obtained little listening to and was quickly overshadowed by an accelerated "conflict on terrorism."

But we must continue our efforts to develop understanding and compassion on the planet. Hopefully, this text will help in doing that by addressing the query "How many September 11ths has the United States caused in other nations since WWII?" This theme is developed on this report which incorporates an estimated numbers of such deaths in 37 nations as well as brief explanations of why the U.S. is considered culpable.

The causes of wars are complex. In some cases nations other than the U.S. could have been accountable for more deaths, but if the involvement of our nation appeared to have been a needed trigger of a war or battle it was thought-about answerable for the deaths in it. In other phrases they in all probability would not have taken place if the U.S. had not used the heavy hand of its energy. The army and financial energy of the United States was crucial.

This research reveals that U.S. navy forces were straight accountable for about 10 to 15 million deaths through the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the 2 Iraq Wars. The Korean War additionally contains Chinese deaths whereas the Vietnam War additionally includes fatalities in Cambodia and Laos.

The American public in all probability is not conscious of these numbers and knows even less concerning the proxy wars for which the United States is also responsible. Within the latter wars there have been between 9 and 14 million deaths in Afghanistan, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sudan.

However the victims are usually not simply from massive nations or one a part of the world. The remaining deaths had been in smaller ones which represent over half the total variety of nations. Virtually all elements of the world have been the target of U.S. intervention.

The overall conclusion reached is that the United States most certainly has been accountable since WWII for the deaths of between 20 and 30 million people in wars and conflicts scattered over the world.

To the households and friends of those victims it makes little distinction whether the causes were U.S. army motion, proxy navy forces, the supply of U.S. navy provides or advisors, or other ways, resembling financial pressures utilized by our nation. They needed to make choices about different things corresponding to discovering lost loved ones, whether to develop into refugees, and the way to outlive.

And the pain and anger is spread even additional. Some authorities estimate that there are as many as 10 wounded for every person who dies in wars. Their seen, continued suffering is a continuing reminder to their fellow countrymen.

It is essential that Americans be taught extra about this matter so that they will begin to grasp the ache that others really feel. Someone once observed that the Germans during WWII "chose to not know." We can't allow history to say this about our country. The question posed above was "How many September 11ths has the United States prompted in other nations since WWII?" The reply is: presumably 10,000.

Comments on Gathering These Numbers

Generally speaking, the a lot smaller number of Americans who have died shouldn't be included in this study, not as a result of they are not vital, but as a result of this report focuses on the impression of U.S. actions on its adversaries.

An correct depend of the variety of deaths will not be easy to attain, and this assortment of knowledge was undertaken with full realization of this fact. These estimates will probably be revised later both upward or downward by the reader and the creator. But undoubtedly the full will remain within the hundreds of thousands.

The issue of gathering reliable data is proven by two estimates in this context. For several years I heard statements on radio that three million Cambodians had been killed beneath the rule of the Khmer Rouge. However, in recent years the figure I heard was one million. Another instance is that the variety of persons estimated to have died in Iraq resulting from sanctions after the primary U.S. Iraq War was over 1 million, however in newer years, primarily based on a more moderen research, a decrease estimate of round a half one million has emerged.

Often details about wars is revealed solely a lot later when someone decides to talk out, when more secret info is revealed because of persistent efforts of some, or after special congressional committees make studies

Both victorious and defeated nations may have their own reasons for underreporting the variety of deaths. Further, in latest wars involving the United States it was not uncommon to hear statements like "we don't do body counts" and references to "collateral damage" as a euphemism for lifeless and wounded. Life is low-cost for some, particularly those who manipulate people on the battlefield as if it were a chessboard.

To say that it's tough to get actual figures is to not say that we shouldn't strive. Effort was needed to arrive at the figures of 6six million Jews killed during WWI, but knowledge of that quantity now is widespread and it has fueled the determination to prevent future holocausts. That wrestle continues.

The creator may be contacted at jlucas511@woh.rr.com

37 Victim NATIONS

The U.S. is answerable for between 1 and 1.8 million deaths during the war between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, by luring the Soviet Union into invading that nation. (1,2,3,4)

The Soviet Union had pleasant relations its neighbor, Afghanistan, which had a secular government. The Soviets feared that if that authorities became fundamentalist this variation may spill over into the Soviet Union.

In 1998, in an interview with the Parisian publication Le Novel Observateur, Zbigniew Brzezinski, adviser to President Carter, admitted that he had been chargeable for instigating support to the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan which brought on the Soviets to invade. In his own words:

"According to the official version of history, CIA assist to the Mujahadeen began throughout 1980, that is to say, after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. But the reality, secretly guarded till now, is completely in any other case. Indeed, it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the primary directive for secret help to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. And that very day, I wrote a note to the President through which I explained to him that for my part this help was going to induce a Soviet military intervention." (5,1,6)

Brzezinski justified laying this entice, since he said it gave the Soviet Union its Vietnam and brought about the breakup of the Soviet Union. "Regret what?" he said. "That secret operation was an excellent thought. It had the impact of drawing the Russians into the Afghan lure and also you need me to regret it?" (7)

The CIA spent 5 to six billion dollars on its operation in Afghanistan as a way to bleed the Soviet Union. (1,2,3) When that 10-12 months battle ended over one million individuals have been lifeless and Afghan heroin had captured 60% of the U.S. market. (4)

The U.S. has been responsible directly for about 12,000 deaths in Afghanistan a lot of which resulted from bombing in retaliation for the attacks on U.S. property on September 11, 2001. Subsequently U.S. troops invaded that country. (4)

An indigenous armed struggle in opposition to Portuguese rule in Angola began in 1961. In 1977 an Angolan government was recognized by the U.N., though the U.S. was one of the few nations that opposed this action. In 1986 Uncle Sam authorised materials assistance to UNITA, a gaggle that was making an attempt to overthrow the federal government. Even right now this battle, which has involved many nations at occasions, continues.

U.S. intervention was justified to the U.S. public as a response to the intervention of 50,000 Cuban troops in Angola. However, in response to Piero Gleijeses, a history professor at Johns Hopkins University the reverse was true. The Cuban intervention got here because of a CIA - financed covert invasion by way of neighboring Zaire and a drive on the Angolan capital by the U.S. ally, South Africa1,2,3). (Three estimates of deaths vary from 300,000 to 750,000 (4,5,6)

Argentina: See South America: Operation Condor

Bangladesh: See Pakistan

Hugo Banzer was the chief of a repressive regime in Bolivia within the 1970s. The U.S. had been disturbed when a previous chief nationalized the tin mines and distributed land to Indian peasants. Later that motion to benefit the poor was reversed.

Banzer, who was educated on the U.S.-operated School of the Americas in Panama and later at Fort Hood, Texas, got here back from exile often to confer with U.S. Air Force Major Robert Lundin. In 1971 he staged a successful coup with the assistance of the U.S. Air Force radio system. In the primary years of his dictatorship he acquired twice as navy assistance from the U.S. as within the previous dozen years collectively.

A few years later the Catholic Church denounced an military massacre of placing tin staff in 1975, Banzer, assisted by info supplied by the CIA, was able to focus on and find leftist priests and nuns. His anti-clergy technique, identified as the Banzer Plan, was adopted by nine different Latin American dictatorships in 1977. (2) He has been accused of being answerable for four hundred deaths during his tenure. (1)

Also see: See South America: Operation Condor

Brazil: See South America: Operation Condor

U.S. bombing of Cambodia had already been underway for a number of years in secret underneath the Johnson and Nixon administrations, but when President Nixon overtly began bombing in preparation for a land assault on Cambodia it prompted major protests within the U.S. towards the Vietnam War.

There's little awareness at the moment of the scope of those bombings and the human suffering concerned.

Immense injury was completed to the villages and cities of Cambodia, inflicting refugees and internal displacement of the population. This unstable scenario enabled the Khmer Rouge, a small political party led by Pol Pot, to assume energy. Over the years we've got repeatedly heard in regards to the Khmer Rouge’s position within the deaths of thousands and thousands in Cambodia with none acknowledgement being made this mass killing was made doable by the the U.S. bombing of that nation which destabilized it by dying , injuries, starvation and dislocation of its individuals.

So the U.S. bears responsibility not just for the deaths from the bombings but also for these resulting from the activities of the Khmer Rouge - a total of about 2.5 million folks. Even when Vietnam latrer invaded Cambodia in 1979 the CIA was nonetheless supporting the Khmer Rouge. (1,2,3)

An estimated 40,000 individuals in Chad were killed and as many as 200,000 tortured by a authorities, headed by Hissen Habre who was delivered to energy in June, 1982 with the assistance of CIA cash and arms. He remained in energy for eight years. (1,2)

Human Rights Watch claimed that Habre was liable for 1000's of killings. In 2001, whereas living in Senegal, he was virtually tried for crimes dedicated by him in Chad. However, a court there blocked these proceedings. Then human rights people determined to pursue the case in Belgium, because some of Habre’s torture victims lived there. The U.S., in June 2003, advised Belgium that it risked shedding its standing as host to NATO’s headquarters if it allowed such a legal proceeding to happen. So the consequence was that the law that allowed victims to file complaints in Belgium for atrocities dedicated abroad was repealed. However, two months later a brand new regulation was handed which made special provision for the continuation of the case against Habre.

The CIA intervened in Chile’s 1958 and 1964 elections. In 1970 a socialist candidate, Salvador Allende, was elected president. The CIA needed to incite a army coup to forestall his inauguration, but the Chilean army’s chief of staff, General Rene Schneider, opposed this motion. The CIA then deliberate, along with some people in the Chilean military, to assassinate Schneider. This plot failed and Allende took office. President Nixon was to not be dissuaded and he ordered the CIA to create a coup local weather: "Make the economic system scream," he mentioned. What followed were guerilla warfare, arson, bombing, sabotage and terror. ITT and different U.S. companies with Chilean holdings sponsored demonstrations and strikes. Finally, on September 11, 1973 Allende died either by suicide or by assassination. At that time Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, said the next regarding Chile: "I don’t see why we need to face by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its personal folks." (1)

During 17 years of terror beneath Allende’s successor, General Augusto Pinochet, an estimated 3,000 Chileans were killed and many others were tortured or "disappeared." (2,3,4,5)

Also see South America: Operation Condor

China An estimated 900,000 Chinese died through the Korean War. For more information, See: Korea.

One estimate is that 67,000 deaths have occurred from the 1960s to current years as a result of help by the U.S. of Colombian state terrorism. (1)

In accordance with a 1994 Amnesty International report, more than 20,000 people have been killed for political reasons in Colombia since 1986, mainly by the military and its paramilitary allies. Amnesty alleged that "U.S.- equipped military tools, ostensibly delivered for use towards narcotics traffickers, was being used by the Colombian military to commit abuses in the title of "counter-insurgency." (2) In 2002 one other estimate was made that 3,500 individuals die annually in a U.S. funded civilian war in Colombia. (3)

In 1996 Human Rights Watch issued a report "Assassination Squads in Colombia" which revealed that CIA brokers went to Colombia in 1991 to help the army to train undercover brokers in anti-subversive exercise. (4,5)

In recent times the U.S. government has offered assistance underneath Plan Colombia. The Colombian government has been charged with using most of the funds for destruction of crops and support of the paramilitary group.

In the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba on April 18, 1961 which ended after three days, 114 of the invading power had been killed, 1,189 have been taken prisoners and some escaped to ready U.S. ships. (1) The captured exiles have been shortly tried, a couple of executed and the remaining sentenced to thirty years in prison for treason. These exiles have been released after 20 months in change for $fifty three million in meals and drugs.

Some people estimate that the variety of Cuban forces killed range from 2,000, to 4,000. Another estimate is that 1,800 Cuban forces were killed on an open highway by napalm. This appears to have been a precursor of the Highway of Death in Iraq in 1991 when U.S. forces mercilessly annihilated large numbers of Iraqis on a highway. (2)

The start of large violence was instigated in this country in 1879 by its colonizer King Leopold of Belgium. The Congo’s population was diminished by 10 million individuals over a interval of 20 years which some have known as "Leopold’s Genocide." (1) The U.S. has been answerable for about a third of that many deaths in that nation in the newer past. (2)

In 1960 the Congo turned an impartial state with Patrice Lumumba being its first prime minister. He was assassinated with the CIA being implicated, though some say that his murder was really the responsibility of Belgium. (3) But nonetheless, the CIA was planning to kill him. (4) Before his assassination the CIA sent one of its scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo carrying "lethal biological material" meant to be used in Lumumba’s assassination. This virus would have been in a position to supply a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo space of Africa and was transported in a diplomatic pouch.

Much of the time in recent years there was a civil battle throughout the Democratic Republic of Congo, fomented usually by the U.S. and different nations, together with neighboring nations. (5)

In April 1977, Newsday reported that the CIA was secretly supporting efforts to recruit several hundred mercenaries in the U.S. and Great Britain to serve alongside Zaire’s army. In that same yr the U.S. offered $15 million of navy provides to the Zairian President Mobutu to fend off an invasion by a rival group operating in Angola. (6)

In May 1979, the U.S. sent a number of million dollars of help to Mobutu who had been condemned three months earlier by the U.S. State Department for human rights violations. (7) In the course of the Cold War the U.S. funneled over 300 million dollars in weapons into Zaire (8,9) $100 million in army training was offered to him. (2) In 2001 it was reported to a U.S. congressional committee that American firms, together with one linked to former President George Bush Sr., were stoking the Congo for monetary features. There may be a world battle over sources in that country with over 125 corporations and individuals being implicated. One of these substances is coltan, which is used in the manufacture of cell phones. (2)

In 1962, Juan Bosch grew to become president of the Dominican Republic. He advocated such packages as land reform and public works packages. This didn't bode nicely for his future relationship with the U.S., and after solely 7 months in workplace, he was deposed by a CIA coup. In 1965 when a gaggle was attempting to reinstall him to his office President Johnson said, "This Bosch is no good." Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann replied "He’s no good in any respect. If we don’t get a good authorities in there, Mr. President, we get another Bosch. It’s simply going to be another sinkhole." Two days later a U.S. invasion started and 22,000 soldiers and marines entered the Dominican Republic and about 3,000 Dominicans died in the course of the fighting. The cover excuse for doing this was that this was executed to guard foreigners there. (1,2,3,4)

In December 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor. This incursion was launched the day after U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had left Indonesia where they'd given President Suharto permission to use American arms, which beneath U.S. law, couldn't be used for aggression. Daniel Moynihan, U.S. ambassador to the UN. mentioned that the U.S. wished "things to prove as they did." (1,2) The result was an estimated 200,000 useless out of a population of 700,000. (1,2)

Sixteen years later, on November 12, 1991, 2 hundred and seventeen East Timorese protesters in Dili, a lot of them children, marching from a memorial service, have been gunned down by Indonesian Kopassus shock troops who had been headed by U.S.- trained commanders Prabowo Subianto (son in legislation of General Suharto) and Kiki Syahnakri. Trucks were seen dumping bodies into the sea. (5)

The civil conflict from 1981 to1992 in El Salvador was financed by $6 billion in U.S. aid given to assist the federal government in its efforts to crush a motion to carry social justice to the folks in that nation of about eight million people. (1) During that point U.S. navy advisers demonstrated strategies of torture on teenage prisoners, according to an interview with a deserter from the Salvadoran military published in the new York Times. This former member of the Salvadoran National Guard testified that he was a member of a squad of twelve who discovered individuals who they had been advised had been guerillas and tortured them. A part of the training he received was in torture at a U.S. location somewhere in Panama. (2)

About 900 villagers had been massacred within the village of El Mozote in 1981. Ten of the twelve El Salvadoran authorities troopers cited as taking part on this act were graduates of the school of the Americas operated by the U.S. (2) They had been solely a small a part of about 75,000 individuals killed throughout that civil battle. (1)

Based on a 1993 United Nations’ Truth Commission report, over 96 % of the human rights violations carried out through the war were dedicated by the Salvadoran military or the paramilitary deaths squads related to the Salvadoran army. (3)

That fee linked graduates of the varsity of the Americas to many notorious killings. The brand new York Times and the Washington Post adopted with scathing articles. In 1996, the White House Oversight Board issued a report that supported many of the fees against that school made by Rev. Roy Bourgeois, head of the college of the Americas Watch. That very same yr the Pentagon released previously categorised studies indicating that graduates had been skilled in killing, extortion, and physical abuse for interrogations, false imprisonment and other strategies of control. (4)

The CIA began to destabilize Grenada in 1979 after Maurice Bishop turned president, partially because he refused to affix the quarantine of Cuba. The campaign against him resulted in his overthrow and the invasion by the U.S. of Grenada on October 25, 1983, with about 277 people dying. (1,2) It was fallaciously charged that an airport was being inbuilt Grenada that could be used to attack the U.S. and it was also erroneously claimed that the lives of American medical students on that island were in hazard.

In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz was elected president of Guatemala. He appropriated some unused land operated by the United Fruit Company and compensated the company. (1,2) That firm then began a campaign to paint Arbenz as a device of an international conspiracy and hired about 300 mercenaries who sabotaged oil supplies and trains. (3) In 1954 a CIA-orchestrated coup put him out of workplace and he left the nation. During the next 40 years varied regimes killed hundreds of people.

In 1999 the Washington Post reported that an Historical Clarification Commission concluded that over 200,000 folks had been killed during the civil struggle and that there had been 42,000 particular person human rights violations, 29,000 of them fatal, 92% of which were committed by the army. The fee further reported that the U.S. authorities and the CIA had pressured the Guatemalan authorities into suppressing the guerilla movement by ruthless means. (4,5)

In response to the Commission between 1981 and 1983 the navy government of Guatemala - financed and supported by the U.S. authorities - destroyed some four hundred Mayan villages in a marketing campaign of genocide. (4) One of the documents made available to the commission was a 1966 memo from a U.S. State Department official, which described how a "safe house" was arrange within the palace for use by Guatemalan safety agents and their U.S. contacts. This was the headquarters for the Guatemalan "dirty war" against leftist insurgents and suspected allies. (2)

From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was ruled by Papa Doc Duvalier and later by his son. During that time their private terrorist power killed between 30,000 and 100,000 people. (1) Millions of dollars in CIA subsidies flowed into Haiti during that point, mainly to suppress in style movements, (2) though most American military assist to the country, in accordance with William Blum, was covertly channeled through Israel.

Reportedly, governments after the second Duvalier reign had been answerable for a fair larger variety of fatalities, and the affect on Haiti by the U.S., significantly by means of the CIA, has continued. The U.S. later pressured out of the presidential workplace a black Catholic priest, Jean Bertrand Aristide, although he was elected with 67% of the vote in the early 1990s. The wealthy white class in Haiti opposed him in this predominantly black nation, due to his social applications designed to help the poor and end corruption. (3) Later he returned to office, but that did not last long. He was pressured by the U.S. to leave office and now lives in South Africa.

Within the 1980s the CIA supported Battalion 316 in Honduras, which kidnapped, tortured and killed a whole bunch of its citizens. Torture gear and manuals had been supplied by CIA Argentinean personnel who labored with U.S. agents in the coaching of the Hondurans. Approximately 400 individuals lost their lives. (1,2) This is another occasion of torture on the earth sponsored by the U.S. (3)

Battalion 316 used shock and suffocation devices in interrogations within the 1980s. Prisoners often were stored naked and, when not helpful, killed and buried in unmarked graves. Declassified paperwork and other sources present that the CIA and the U.S. Embassy knew of quite a few crimes, together with murder and torture, but continued to support Battalion 316 and collaborate with its leaders." (4)

Honduras was a staging floor in the early 1980s for the Contras who were attempting to overthrow the socialist Sandinista authorities in Nicaragua. John D. Negroponte, presently Deputy Secretary of State, was our embassador when our army assist to Honduras rose from $four million to $77.4 million per 12 months. Negroponte denies having had any information of these atrocities during his tenure. However, his predecessor in that position, Jack R. Binns, had reported in 1981 that he was deeply involved at rising evidence of formally sponsored/sanctioned assassinations. (5)

In 1956 Hungary, a Soviet satellite tv for pc nation, revolted towards the Soviet Union. During the uprising broadcasts by the U.S. Radio Free Europe into Hungary sometimes took on an aggressive tone, encouraging the rebels to believe that Western help was imminent, and even giving tactical advice on methods to struggle the Soviets. Their hopes were raised then dashed by these broadcasts which solid a good darker shadow over the Hungarian tragedy." (1) The Hungarian and Soviet dying toll was about 3,000 and the revolution was crushed. (2)

In 1965, in Indonesia, a coup changed General Sukarno with General Suharto as leader. The U.S. played a task in that change of government. Robert Martens,a former officer within the U.S. embassy in Indonesia, described how U.S. diplomats and CIA officers provided as much as 5,000 names to Indonesian Army loss of life squads in 1965 and checked them off as they were killed or captured. Martens admitted that "I most likely have a variety of blood on my hands, however that’s not all dangerous. There’s a time when it's important to strike arduous at a decisive second." (1,2,3) Estimates of the number of deaths vary from 500,000 to three million. (4,5,6) From 1993 to 1997 the U.S. supplied Jakarta with nearly $four hundred million in economic support and bought tens of million of dollars of weaponry to that nation. U.S. Green Berets supplied coaching for the Indonesia’s elite force which was chargeable for a lot of atrocities in East Timor. (3)

Iran lost about 262,000 people within the war against Iraq from 1980 to 1988. (1) See Iraq for extra details about that war.

On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy ship, the Vincennes, was working withing Iranian waters providing military assist for Iraq throughout the Iran-Iraq warfare. During a battle against Iranian gunboats it fired two missiles at an Iranian Airbus, which was on a routine civilian flight. All 290 civilian on board were killed. (2,3)

A. The Iraq-Iran War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and during that time there have been about 105,000 Iraqi deaths in accordance with the Washington Post. (1,2)

In accordance with Howard Teicher, a former National Security Council official, the U.S. provided the Iraqis with billions of dollars in credits and helped Iraq in other ways similar to making sure that Iraq had navy tools together with biological agents This surge of assist for Iraq got here as Iran gave the impression to be winning the war and was near Basra. (1) The U.S. was not adversarial to each international locations weakening themselves because of the struggle, however it didn't appear to need either side to win.

B: The U.S.-Iraq War and the Sanctions Against Iraq extended from 1990 to 2003.

Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990 and the U.S. responded by demanding that Iraq withdraw, and four days later the U.N. levied international sanctions.

Iraq had purpose to imagine that the U.S. would not object to its invasion of Kuwait, since U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, had advised Saddam Hussein that the U.S. had no position on the dispute that his nation had with Kuwait. So the green light was given, nevertheless it seemed to be extra of a lure.

As a part of the public relations strategy to energize the American public into supporting an assault towards Iraq the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the U.S. falsely testified before Congress that Iraqi troops were pulling the plugs on incubators in Iraqi hospitals. (1) This contributed to a struggle frenzy in the U.S.

The U.S. air assault started on January 17, 1991 and it lasted for forty two days. On February 23 President H.W. Bush ordered the U.S. floor assault to start. The invasion happened with a lot unnecessary killing of Iraqi army personnel. Only about 150 American navy personnel died in comparison with about 200,000 Iraqis. A few of the Iraqis have been mercilessly killed on the Highway of Death and about 400 tons of depleted uranium have been left in that nation by the U.S. (2,3)

Other deaths later have been from delayed deaths on account of wounds, civilians killed, those killed by results of injury of the Iraqi water treatment services and other elements of its damaged infrastructure and by the sanctions.

In 1995 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. reported that U.N sanctions against on Iraq had been accountable for the deaths of more than 560,000 youngsters since 1990. (5)

Leslie Stahl on the Tv Program 60 Minutes in 1996 mentioned to Madeleine Albright, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. "We have heard that a half million children have died. I imply, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima. And - and you realize, is the worth worth it?" Albright replied "I suppose that is a really laborious selection, but the value - we expect is price it." (4)

In 1999 UNICEF reported that 5,000 children died each month on account of the sanction and the War with the U.S. (6)

Richard Garfield later estimated that the extra possible variety of excess deaths amongst kids under 5 years of age from 1990 via March 1998 to be 227,000 - double those of the earlier decade. Garfield estimated that the numbers to be 350,000 through 2000 (primarily based partially on results of another study). (7)

However, there are limitations to his examine. His figures weren't up to date for the remaining three years of the sanctions. Also, two different somewhat weak age groups weren't studied: younger kids above the age of five and the elderly.

All of those reviews have been considerable indicators of huge numbers of deaths which the U.S. was aware of and which was a part of its technique to cause sufficient pain and terror among Iraqis to cause them to revolt in opposition to their government.

C: Iraq-U.S. War started in 2003 and has not been concluded

Just as the tip of the Cold War emboldened the U.S. to attack Iraq in 1991 so the attacks of September 11, 2001 laid the groundwork for the U.S. to launch the present warfare towards Iraq. While in another wars we discovered a lot later concerning the lies that have been used to deceive us, among the deceptions that have been used to get us into this conflict turned known almost as soon as they have been uttered. There have been no weapons of mass destruction, we weren't trying to advertise democracy, we weren't trying to save the Iraqi individuals from a dictator.

The total number of Iraqi deaths that are a result of our present Iraq against Iraq War is 654,000, of which 600,000 are attributed to acts of violence, in line with Johns Hopkins researchers. (1,2)

Since these deaths are a result of the U.S. invasion, our leaders must settle for accountability for them.

About 100,000 to 200,000 Israelis and Palestinians, however mostly the latter, have been killed in the wrestle between those two groups. The U.S. has been a strong supporter of Israel, providing billions of dollars in assist and supporting its possession of nuclear weapons. (1,2)

Korea, North and South

The Korean War started in 1950 when, in keeping with the Truman administration, North Korea invaded South Korea on June twenty fifth. However, since then another clarification has emerged which maintains that the assault by North Korea got here during a time of many border incursions by both sides. South Korea initiated most of the border clashes with North Korea beginning in 1948. The North Korea authorities claimed that by 1949 the South Korean army dedicated 2,617 armed incursions. It was a delusion that the Soviet Union ordered North Korea to attack South Korea. (1,2)

The U.S. started its attack before a U.N. resolution was passed supporting our nation’s intervention, and our navy forces added to the mayhem in the conflict by introducing using napalm. (1)

Through the warfare the majority of the deaths were South Koreans, North Koreans and Chinese. Four sources give deaths counts starting from 1.8 to 4.5 million. (3,4,5,6) Another source gives a complete of four million but does not identify to which nation they belonged. (7)

John H. Kim, a U.S. Army veteran and the Chair of the Korea Committee of Veterans for Peace, said in an article that throughout the Korean War "the U.S. Army, Air Force and Navy were instantly involved in the killing of about three million civilians - each South and North Koreans - at many areas all through Korea…It is reported that the U.S. dropped some 650,000 tons of bombs, including 43,000 tons of napalm bombs, through the Korean War." It is presumed that this total does not embrace Chinese casualties.

Another source states a total of about 500,000 who have been Koreans and presumably solely military. (8,9)

From 1965 to 1973 throughout the Vietnam War the U.S. dropped over two million tons of bombs on Laos - greater than was dropped in WWII by each sides. Over a quarter of the inhabitants grew to become refugees. This was later referred to as a "secret warfare," since it occurred at the identical time because the Vietnam War, but got little press. Hundreds of thousands were killed. Branfman make the only estimate that I'm conscious of , stating that a whole bunch of 1000's died. This may be interpeted to mean that no less than 200,000 died. (1,2,3)

U.S. military intervention in Laos really began much earlier. A civil battle started within the 1950s when the U.S. recruited a power of 40,000 Laotians to oppose the Pathet Lao, a leftist political occasion that ultimately took energy in 1975.

Also See Vietnam

Between 8,000 and 12,000 Nepalese have died since a civil warfare broke out in 1996. The dying price, according to Foreign Policy in Focus, sharply increased with the arrival of nearly 8,four hundred American M-sixteen submachine guns (950 rpm) and U.S. advisers. Nepal is eighty five p.c rural and badly in want of land reform. Not surprisingly forty two % of its people dwell beneath the poverty level. (1,2)

In 2002, after one other civil conflict erupted, President George W. Bush pushed a invoice by way of Congress authorizing $20 million in army aid to the Nepalese government. (3)

In 1981 the Sandinistas overthrew the Somoza government in Nicaragua, (1) and until 1990 about 25,000 Nicaraguans had been killed in an armed struggle between the Sandinista authorities and Contra rebels who had been formed from the remnants of Somoza’s nationwide government. The usage of assassination manuals by the Contras surfaced in 1984. (2,3)

The U.S. supported the victorious authorities regime by providing covert navy help to the Contras (anti-communist guerillas) beginning in November, 1981. But when Congress found that the CIA had supervised acts of sabotage in Nicaragua without notifying Congress, it passed the Boland Amendment in 1983 which prohibited the CIA, Defense Department and every other authorities company from offering any further covert navy help. (4)

But methods have been found to get round this prohibition. The National Security Council, which was not explicitly coated by the legislation, raised non-public and overseas funds for the Contras. In addition, arms had been bought to Iran and the proceeds had been diverted from these gross sales to the Contras engaged within the insurgency towards the Sandinista government. (5) Finally, the Sandinistas were voted out of workplace in 1990 by voters who thought that a change in leadership would placate the U.S., which was inflicting misery to Nicaragua’s citizenry by it support of the Contras.

In 1971 West Pakistan, an authoritarian state supported by the U.S., brutally invaded East Pakistan. The war ended after India, whose economy was staggering after admitting about 10 million refugees, invaded East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and defeated the West Pakistani forces. (1)

Millions of individuals died throughout that brutal struggle, referred to by some as genocide dedicated by West Pakistan. That country had lengthy been an ally of the U.S., beginning with $411 million offered to establish its armed forces which spent 80% of its funds on its navy. $15 million in arms flowed into W. Pakistan during the warfare. (2,3,4)

Three sources estimate that three million folks died and (5,2,6) one source estimates 1.5 million. (3)

In December, 1989 U.S. troops invaded Panama, ostensibly to arrest Manuel Noriega, that nation’s president. This was an example of the U.S. view that it is the grasp of the world and might arrest anyone it needs to. For a variety of years before that he had labored for the CIA, but fell out of favor partially because he was not an opponent of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. (1) It has been estimated that between 500 and 4,000 individuals died. (2,3,4)

Paraguay: See South America: Operation Condor

The Philippines have been underneath the management of the U.S. for over a hundred years. In about the last 50 to 60 years the U.S. has funded and otherwise helped numerous Philippine governments which sought to suppress the actions of teams working for the welfare of its individuals. In 1969 the Symington Committee within the U.S. Congress revealed how war material was despatched there for a counter-insurgency campaign. U.S. Special Forces and Marines were lively in some fight operations. The estimated number of individuals that have been executed and disappeared beneath President Fernando Marcos was over 100,000. (1,2)

South America: Operation Condor

This was a joint operation of 6 despotic South American governments (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay) to share details about their political opponents. An estimated 13,000 folks have been killed beneath this plan. (1)

It was established on November 25, 1975 in Chile by an act of the Interamerican Reunion on Military Intelligence. In response to U.S. embassy political officer, John Tipton, the CIA and the Chilean Secret Police have been working collectively, though the CIA did not arrange the operation to make this collaboration work. Reportedly, it ended in 1983. (2)

On March 6, 2001 the brand new York Times reported the existence of a just lately declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. (3)

Sudan

Since 1955, when it gained its independence, Sudan has been concerned most of the time in a civil battle. Until about 2003 roughly 2 million people had been killed. It not identified if the demise toll in Darfur is a part of that whole.

Human rights groups have complained that U.S. insurance policies have helped to prolong the Sudanese civil struggle by supporting efforts to overthrow the central government in Khartoum. In 1999 U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright met with the leader of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) who mentioned that she provided him food supplies if he would reject a peace plan sponsored by Egypt and Libya.

In 1978 the vastness of Sudan’s oil reservers was found and within two years it became the sixth largest recipient of U.S, navy help. It’s cheap to assume that if the U.S. help a government to return to energy it will really feel obligated to provide the U.S. part of the oil pie.

A British group, Christian Aid, has accused international oil companies of complicity within the depopulation of villages. These companies - not American - receive authorities protection and in flip permit the federal government use of its airstrips and roads.

In August 1998 the U.S. bombed Khartoum, Sudan with seventy five cruise míssiles. Our authorities mentioned that the target was a chemical weapons factory owned by Osama bin Laden. Actually, bin Laden was now not the proprietor, and the plant had been the only supplier of pharmaceutical supplies for that poor nation. On account of the bombing tens of hundreds may have died because of the lack of medicines to deal with malaria, tuberculosis and different diseases. The U.S. settled a lawsuit filed by the factory’s owner. (1,2)

Uruguay: See South America: Operation Condor

Vietnam

In Vietnam, below an agreement a number of a long time ago, there was purported to be an election for a unified North and South Vietnam. The U.S. opposed this and supported the Diem government in South Vietnam. In August, 1964 the CIA and others helped fabricate a phony Vietnamese assault on a U.S. ship in the Gulf of Tonkin and this was used as a pretext for larger U.S. involvement in Vietnam. (1)

During that struggle an American assassination operation,known as Operation Phoenix, terrorized the South Vietnamese folks, and during the battle American troops have been accountable in 1968 for the mass slaughter of the people in the village of My Lai.

In accordance with a Vietnamese authorities assertion in 1995 the number of deaths of civilians and navy personnel throughout the Vietnam War was 5.1 million. (2)

Since deaths in Cambodia and Laos had been about 2.7 million (See Cambodia and Laos) the estimated whole for the Vietnam War is 7.Eight million.

The Virtual Truth Commission gives a complete for the war of 5 million, (3) and Robert McNamara, former Secretary Defense, in response to the brand new York Times Magazine says that the variety of Vietnamese useless is 3.4 million. (4,5)

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia was a socialist federation of several republics. Because it refused to be intently tied to the Soviet Union through the Cold War, it gained some suport from the U.S. But when the Soviet Union dissolved, Yugoslavia’s usefulness to the U.S. ended, and the U.S and Germany labored to convert its socialist financial system to a capitalist one by a process primarily of dividing and conquering. There have been ethnic and religious variations between various components of Yugoslavia which had been manipulated by the U.S. to trigger a number of wars which resulted in the dissolution of that nation.

From the early 1990s until now Yugoslavia break up into a number of impartial nations whose lowered revenue, together with CIA connivance, has made it a pawn within the palms of capitalist countries. (1) The dissolution of Yugoslavia was caused primarily by the U.S. (2)

Here are estimates of some, if not all, of the inner wars in Yugoslavia. All wars: 107,000; (3,4)

Bosnia and Krajina: 250,000; (5) Bosnia: 20,000 to 30,000; (5) Croatia: 15,000; (6) and

Kosovo: 500 to 5,000. (7)

NOTES

Afghanistan

1.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.135.

2.Chronology of American State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/sources/american_ terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html

3.Soviet War in Afghanistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan

4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.76

5.U.S Involvement in Afghanistan, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in Afghanistan)

6.The CIA's Intervention in Afghanistan, Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 15-21 January 1998, Posted at globalresearch.ca 15 October 2001, http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/BRZ110A.html

7.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.5

8.Unknown News, http://www.unknownnews.net/casualtiesw.html

Angola

1.Howard W. French "From Old Files, a new Story of the U.S. Role in the Angolan War" New York Times 3/31/02

2.Angolan Update, American Friends Service Committee FS, 11/1/99 flyer.

3.Norman Solomon, War Made Easy, (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) p. 82-83.

4.Lance Selfa, U.S. Imperialism, A Century of Slaughter, International Socialist Review Issue 7, Spring 1999 (as appears in Third world Traveler www. thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Century_Imperialism.html)

5. Jeffress Ramsay, Africa , (Dushkin/McGraw Hill Guilford Connecticut), 1997, p. 144-145.

6.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.54.

Argentina : See South America: Operation Condor

Bolivia

1. Phil Gunson, Guardian, 5/6/02, http://www.guardian.co.uk/archive /article/0,4273,41-07884,00.html

2.Jerry Meldon, Return of Bolilvia’s Drug - Stained Dictator, Consortium, www.consortiumnews.com/archives/story40.html.

Brazil See South America: Operation Condor

Cambodia

1.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/ .

2.David Model, President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the Bombing of Cambodia excerpted from the guide Lying for Empire The right way to Commit War Crimes With A Straight Face, Common Courage Press, 2005, paper http://thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Nixon_Cambodia_LFE.html.

3.Noam Chomsky, Chomsky on Cambodia under Pol Pot, etc., http//zmag.org/boards/chomcambodforum.htm.

Chad

1.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 151-152 .

2.Richard Keeble, Crimes Against Humanity in Chad, Znet/Activism 12/4/06 http://www.zmag.org/content material/print_article.cfm?itemID=11560&sectionID=1).

Chile

1.Parenti, Michael, The Sword and the Dollar (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1989) p. 56.

2.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 142-143.

3.Moreorless: Heroes and Killers of the 20th Century, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte,

http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/pinochet.html

4.Associated Press,Pincohet on 91st Birthday, Takes Responsibility for Regimes’s Abuses, Dayton Daily News 11/26/06

5.Chalmers Johnson, Blowback, The costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000), p. 18.

China: See Korea

Colombia

1.Chronology of American State Terrorism, p.2

http://www.intellnet.org/sources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html).

2.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 163.

3.Millions Killed by Imperialism Washington Post May 6, 2002) http://www.etext.org./Politics/MIM/rail/impkills.html

4.Gabriella Gamini, CIA Set up Death Squads in Colombia Times Newspapers Limited, Dec. 5, 1996, www.edu/CommunicationsStudies/ben/news/cia/961205.loss of life.html).

5.Virtual Truth Commission, 1991

Human Rights Watch Report: Colombia’s Killer Networks--The Military-Paramilitary Partnership).

Cuba

1.St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture - on Bay of Pigs Invasion http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion.

2.Wikipedia http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion#Casualties.

Democratic Republic of Congo (Formerly Zaire)

1.F. Jeffress Ramsey, Africa (Guilford Connecticut, 1997), p. Eighty five

2. Anup Shaw The Democratic Republic of Congo, 10/31/2003) http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Africa/DRC.asp)

3.Kevin Whitelaw, A Killing in Congo, U. S. News and World Report http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/patrice.htm

4.William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p 158-159.

5.Ibid.,p. 260

6.Ibid.,p. 259

7.Ibid.,p.262

8.David Pickering, "World War in Africa, 6/26/02, www.9-11peace.org/bulletin.php3

9.William D. Hartung and Bridget Moix, Deadly Legacy; U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War, Arms Trade Resource Center, January , 2000 www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reviews/congo.htm

Dominican Republic

1.Norman Solomon, (untitled) Baltimore Sun April 26, 2005 http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/history/2005/0426spincycle.htm Intervention Spin Cycle

2.Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack

3.William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 175.

4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.26-27.

East Timor

1.Virtual Truth Commission, http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/date4.htm

2.Matthew Jardine, Unraveling Indonesia, Nonviolent Activist, 1997)

3.Chronology of American State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/sources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html

4.William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 197.

5.US trained butchers of Timor, The Guardian, London. Cited by The Drudge Report, September 19, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/indon.htm

El Salvador

1.Robert T. Buckman, Latin America 2003, (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 152-153.

2.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 54-55.

3.El Salvador, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador#The_twentieth_century_and_beyond)

4.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.

Grenada

1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p. 66-67.

2.Stephen Zunes, The U.S. Invasion of Grenada, http://wwwfpif.org/papers/grenada2003.html .

Guatemala

1.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/

2.Ibid.

3.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.2-13.

4.Robert T. Buckman, Latin America 2003 (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 162.

5.Douglas Farah, Papers Show U.S. Role in Guatemalan Abuses, Washington Post Foreign Service, March 11, 1999, A 26

Haiti

1.Francois Duvalier, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier#Reign_of_terror).

2.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p 87.

3.William Blum, Haiti 1986-1994: Who Will Rid Me of This Turbulent Priest, http://www.doublestandards.org/blum8.html

Honduras

1.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 55.

2.Reports by Country: Honduras, Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/honduras.htm

3.James A. Lucas, Torture Gets The Silence Treatment, Countercurrents, July 26, 2004.

4.Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson, Unearthed: Fatal Secrets, Baltimore Sun, reprint of a collection that appeared June 11-18, 1995 in Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins, p. Forty six Orbis Books 2001.

5.Michael Dobbs, Negroponte’s Time in Honduras at Issue, Washington Post, March 21, 2005

Hungary

1.Edited by Malcolm Byrne, The 1956 Hungarian Revoluiton: A history in Documents November 4, 2002 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/index2.htm

2.Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, http://www.answers.com/subject/hungarian-revolution-of-1956

Indonesia

1.Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.

2.Editorial, Indonesia’s Killers, The Nation, March 30, 1998.

3.Matthew Jardine, Indonesia Unraveling, Non Violent Activist Sept-Oct, 1997 (Amnesty) 2/7/07.

4.Sison, Jose Maria, Reflections on the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia, p. 5. http://qc.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=5602;

5.Annie Pohlman, Women and the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Gender Variables and Possible Direction for Research, p.4, http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/Pohlman-A-ASAA.pdf

6.Peter Dale Scott, The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967, Pacific Affairs, 58, Summer 1985, pages 239-264. http://www.namebase.org/scott.

7.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.30.

Iran

1.Geoff Simons, Iraq from Sumer to Saddam, 1996, St. Martins Press, NY p. 317.

2.Chronology of American State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.

3.BBC 1988: US Warship Shoots Down Iranian Airliner http://information.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/default.stm )

Iraq

Iran-Iraq War

1.Michael Dobbs, U.S. Had Key role in Iraq Buildup, Washington Post December 30, 2002, p A01 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52241-2002Dec29?language=printer

2.Global Security.Org , Iran Iraq War (1980-1980) globalsecurity.org/army/world/struggle/iran-iraq.htm.

U.S. Iraq War and Sanctions

1.Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time (New York, Thunder’s Mouth), 1994, p.31-32

2.Ibid., p. 52-fifty four

3.Ibid., p. Forty three

4.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege, (South End Press Cambridge MA 2000). p. 175.

5.Food and Agricultural Organizaiton, The Children are Dying, 1995 World View Forum, Internationa Action Center, International Relief Association, p. 78

6.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege, South End Press Cambridge MA 2000. p. 61.

7.David Cortright, A tough Look at Iraq Sanctions December 3, 2001, The Nation.

U.S-Iraq War 2003-?

1.Jonathan Bor 654,000 Deaths Tied to Iraq War Baltimore Sun , October 11,2006

2.News http://www.unknownnews.web/casualties.html

Israeli-Palestinian War

1.Post-1967 Palestinian & Israeli Deaths from Occupation & Violence May 16, 2006 http://globalavoidablemortality.blogspot.com/2006/05/submit-1967-palestinian-israeli-deaths.html)

2.Chronology of American State Terrorism

http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html

Korea

1.James I. Matray Revisiting Korea: Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War, Korean War Teachers Conference: The Korean War, February 9, 2001 http://www.truman/library.org/Korea/matray1.htm

2.William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 46

3.Kanako Tokuno, Chinese Winter Offensive in Korean War - the Debacle of American Strategy, ICE Case Studies Number 186, May, 2006 http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/chosin.htm.

4.John G. Stroessinger, Why Nations go to War, (New York; St. Martin’s Press), p. 99)

5.Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, as reported in Answers.com http://www.solutions.com/subject/Korean-struggle

6.Exploring the Environment: Korean Enigma www.cet.edu/ete/modules/korea/kwar.html)

7.S. Brian Wilson, Who're the real Terrorists? Virtual Truth Commisson http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/

8.Korean War Casualty Statistics www.century china.com/history/krwarcost.html)

9.S. Brian Wilson, Documenting U.S. War Crimes in North Korea (Veterans for Peace Newsletter) Spring, 2002) http://www.veteransforpeace.org/

Laos

1.William Blum Rogue State (Maine, Common Cause Press) p. 136

2.Chronology of American State Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html

3.Fred Branfman, War Crimes in Indochina and our Troubled National Soul

www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/08/00_branfman_us-warcrimes-indochina.htm).

Nepal

1.Conn Hallinan, Nepal & the Bush Administration: Into Thin Air, February 3, 2004

fpif.org/commentary/2004/0402nepal.html.

2.Human Rights Watch, Nepal’s Civil War: the Conflict Resumes, March 2006 )

http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/28/nepal13078.htm.

3.Wayne Madsen, Possible CIA Hand within the Murder of the Nepal Royal Family, India Independent Media Center, September 25, 2001 http://india.indymedia.org/en/2002/09/2190.shtml.

Nicaragua

1.Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.

2.Timeline Nicaragua www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline/).

3.Chronology of American State Terrorism, http://www.intellnet.org/sources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.

4.William Blum, Nicaragua 1981-1990 Destabilization in Slow Motion

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/Nicaragua_KH.html.

5.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair.

Pakistan

1.John G. Stoessinger, Why Nations Go to War, (New York: St. Martin’s Press), 1974 pp 157-172.

2.Asad Ismi, A U.S. - Financed Military Dictatorship, The CCPA Monitor, June 2002, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives http://www.policyaltematives.ca) www.ckln.fm/~asadismi/pakistan.html

3.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.123, 124.

4.Arjum Niaz ,When America Look the opposite Way by,

www.zmag.org/content material/print_article.cfm?itemID=2821&sectionID=1

5.Leo Kuper, Genocide (Yale University Press, 1981), p. 79.

6.Bangladesh Liberation War , Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War#USA_and_USSR)

Panama

1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’s Greatest Hits, (Odonian Press 1998) p. 83.

2.William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.154.

3.U.S. Military Charged with Mass Murder, The Winds 9/96, www.apfn.org/thewinds/archive/war/a102896b.html

4.Mark Zepezauer, CIA’S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.83.

Paraguay See South America: Operation Condor

Philippines

1.Romeo T. Capulong, A Century of Crimes Against the Filipino People, Presentation, Public Interest Law Center, World Tribunal for Iraq Trial in New York City on August 25,2004. http://www.peoplejudgebush.org/recordsdata/RomeoCapulong.pdf).

2.Roland B. Simbulan The CIA in Manila - Covert Operations and the CIA’s Hidden Hisotry within the Philippines Equipo Nizkor Information - Derechos, derechos.org/nizkor/filipinas/doc/cia.